ANS dysfunction/Dysautonomia
Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal Axis (Dysfunction)
Lowered Baseline Glucocorticoid Levels
Normally, cortisol also exerts a feedback effect to shut down the stress response after the threat has passed, acting upon the hypothalamus and causing it to stop producing CRH
+5a Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Hypofunction in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME)/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) as a Consequence of Activated Immune-Inflammatory and Oxidative and Nitrosative Pathways
4 Endocrine system (and alterations to system)
for Adrenals to release epinephrine (formerly known as adrenaline), Norepinephrine (formerly known as noradrenaline) and cortisol
Four Major Neuroendocrine Systems (Axes) through Which the Hypothalamus and Pituitary Direct Neuroendocrine Function
The stress response and the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis: from molecule to melancholia
1b) Stress Response System
+3b Neuroimmune and neuroendocrine processes
+5b Reduction in the capacity with which HPA axis hormones can restrain the immune system
1 This stress circuit affects systems throughout the body. The hormones of the HPA axis exert their effect on the autonomic nervous system, which controls such vital functions as heart rate, blood pressure, and digestion
2 The HPA axis also communicates with several regions of the brain, including the limbic system, which controls motivation and mood, with the amygdala, which generates fear in response to danger, and with the hippocampus, which plays an important part in memory formation as well as in mood and motivation. In addition, the HPA axis is also connected with brain regions that control body temperature, suppress appetite, and control pain
3 Similarly, the HPA axis also interacts with various other glandular systems, among them those producing reproductive hormones, growth hormones, and thyroid hormones. Once activated, the stress response switches off the hormonal systems regulating growth, reproduction, metabolism, and immunity. Short term, the response is helpful, allowing us to divert biochemical resources to deal with the threat.
4 of the Endocrine System, Common Comorbid Diseases (Common) and Uncommon Causal Diseases (Uncommon)
4 Treatment for Endocrine System
19 Steroidogenic Pathways
Antiviral Pathway Deregulation of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Induces Nitric Oxide Production in Immune Cells That Precludes a Resolution of the Inflammatory Response
Auto-inflammatory state in the hypothalamus
Chronic Endocrine Dysfunction
Dysregulated system (under construction)
Hypofunction of the Sympathetic Nervous System
Hypothalamic–neurohypophyseal System
Neuroendocrine changes from TBI
Possible damage to HPA Axis
Sympathetic/Autonomic/HPA Axis/Immune/Gastroenterology Model
syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)
The HPA-axis is activated following exhaustion, loss of control or the perception of loss of control
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